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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:46 pm
Time: 9:46 pm
Results for international crime
10 results foundAuthor: Golunov, Sergey Title: Drug Trafficking as a Challenge for Russia's Security and Border Policies Summary: This report discusses issues of trans-boundary drug-trafficking through Russia's post-Soviet borders. Details: Budapest: International Policy Fellowship Program, Open Society Institute, 2006 Source: Year: 2006 Country: Russia URL: Shelf Number: 117288 Keywords: Drug TraffickingInternational Crime |
Author: Gallagher, Bernard Title: International and Internet Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation: Research Report Summary: There has, in recent years, been growing awareness and concern over cases of child sexual abuse (CSA)which have an international dimension or which involve the Internet. However, relatively little is known about these cases, as a result of which the policy and practice response may not be as appropriate or effective as it should be. This research project, directed by Bernard Gallgher, and funded by The Nuffield Foundation, was designed to further knowledge of international and Internet CSA, and in doing so contribute to the development of policy and practice. Details: Hudderfields, UK: Centre for Applied Childhood Studies, University of Huddersfield, 2006 Source: The Nuffield Foundation Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 104160 Keywords: Child Sexual AbuseInternational CrimeInternet |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Title: Addiction, Crime and Insurgency the Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium Summary: This report looks at multiple consequences of Afghan drugs as they move through neighboring states, along the Balkan and Eurasian routes, ending up in Europe, the Russian Federation, even China and India. This analysis intends to aid the international community appreciate the inter-connected nature of the world community and the Afghan drug trade. This is pursued utilizing three main points related to the drug chain: 1) assistance to farmers to reduce supply 2) drug prevention and treatment to curb demand, and 3) law enforcement against intermediaries. Details: Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: Austria URL: Shelf Number: 116654 Keywords: AfghanistanDrug TraffickingInternational CrimeOpiates |
Author: Cockayne, James Title: State fragility, organised crime and peacebuilding: towards a more strategic approach Summary: Fragile states, with their ready pools of unemployed labour, populations inured to violence and weakened state capacity, offer sites of competitive advantage for militant organisations, criminal networks and political leaders alike. Collaboration among them may benefit all three – financing militancy, protecting crime and securing political control. Criminal networks threaten not only to fuel conflict, but also to undermine post-war gains – by criminalising politics and instrumentalising continuing disorder, thereby creating pervasive fragility in the international system. Yet the international community currently lacks a coherent approach to tackling organised crime in conflict-affected communities. This report argues that there are normative, analytical and practical obstacles to the development of an effective response. Firstly, at the normative level, sovereignty represents a constraint on international action, especially where crime and politics are intertwined. Secondly, there is analytical confusion regarding how to understand and respond to organised criminal actors in peacebuilding contexts. Security-oriented actors tend to treat organised criminals as potentially violent spoilers of peace processes – or potential partners for peace – and focus on coercion, negotiation and compromise. Development actors tend to focus on addressing the structural factors – such as high unemployment, access to weapons and access to profitable illicit markets – that criminal entrepreneurs exploit. These different approaches are poorly integrated and sometimes compete outright. Thirdly, there are numerous obstacles to the international mobilisation and organisation of the capacity needed to tackle organised crime effectively, particularly specialist investigative resources and analytical expertise. The report suggests treating organised crime as a strategy of governance, and differentiates among different strategies (predatory, parasitic, symbiotic) that may pose different threats to peacebuilding. Finally, it proposes a series of specific steps that might be taken immediately and in the medium and long term to equip peace builders with the analysis, tools and capacity they need to mount a more strategic response. Details: Oslo, Norway: NOREF (Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre), 2011. Source: Internet Resource, NOREF Report: Accessed on December 8, 2011 at: http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/2af427c8039ed02db6fd29fab1144aa8.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/2af427c8039ed02db6fd29fab1144aa8.pdf Shelf Number: 123507 Keywords: Criminal NetworksInternational CrimeOrganized Crime |
Author: Baltic Sea Parliamentary Conference Title: Final report of the Working Group on Trafficking in Human Beings Summary: Trafficking is an international cross-border crime that requires international cooperation and concerted action across borders. According to the Working Group the most important elements in the fight against this crime are to secure long term funding of for instance public authorities, specialized agencies, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations and projects, to apply victim-based, with particular emphasis on children, approach respecting human rights and to follow the money flows stemming from trafficking. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: NORDEN, 2011. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2012 at http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2011-416/at_download/publicationfile Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2011-416/at_download/publicationfile Shelf Number: 123987 Keywords: Human SmugglingHuman Trafficking (Europe)International CrimeTransnational Crime |
Author: Sullivan, Clare Title: Trade-based money laundering: Risks and regulatory responses Summary: This report examines a form of money laundering based on the trade of goods and services, commonly known as trade-based money laundering. Although the global response to trade-based money laundering has been limited so far, more research needs to be conducted into the nature and impact of trade-based money laundering before avenues for reform are pursued in Australia. Details: Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 42p. Source: AIC Reports, Research and Public Policy Series 115: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/0/3/%7BA03716CB-BFD3-46B3-93EC-66FD9D9029A7%7Drpp115.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/0/3/%7BA03716CB-BFD3-46B3-93EC-66FD9D9029A7%7Drpp115.pdf Shelf Number: 124041 Keywords: International CrimeMoney Laundering, Trade-Based (Australia)Transnational Crime |
Author: Lanham, Honor Title: Walk the Plank: Somali Pirates and International Law Summary: The perception of pirates as loveable rogues and swashbuckling sailors is a fanciful one. In reality, the piratical acts currently occurring off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden present a major economic, humanitarian and security challenge to the global community. This is evidenced in the unprecedented international naval response. Currently, a naval coalition led by the United States of America (USA) and comprised of vessels and air support supplied by the European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), India, China, Japan and Russia, amongst others, is patrolling affected sea tracts in the Horn of Africa. The upsurge in piracy and overwhelming naval response has thrown into stark relief the current international law framework governing piracy. Customary international law of the sea was codified in the 1982 United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) referred to as “a constitution for the oceans.” With regard to a comprehensive definition of piracy, UNCLOS adopted the existing definition found in the 1958 UN Convention on the High Seas (UNCHS). That definition applies to both private ships and aircraft. While the inclusion of aircraft in the definition of piracy amounts to a progressive expansion of international law in this area, for the purposes of this dissertation, discussion shall solely focus on ships. The most distinctive aspect of the definition of piracy is that it is an offence confined to the high seas and thus outside the jurisdiction of any state. As well as defining piracy at international law, UNCLOS establishes enforcement and interdiction powers for the suppression of piracy and accordingly is the single most important international legal document in this area. Piracy was the first offence criminalised at international law and thus “inaugurates international criminal law.” It must be considered as distinct from any offence of piracy occurring in territorial waters recognised by domestic law. Part one of chapter one explores the historical development of the international crime of piracy and in particular the political interests which have determined its enforcement. Part two of chapter one establishes the extent of the Somali piracy epidemic. The serious economic, humanitarian and security threat piracy poses justifies current naval efforts and the need to support these efforts through the progressive development of international law which has occurred over the last 18 months. Chapter two traverses the key elements of the definition of piracy found in Art 101 of UNCLOS. It highlights controversy over the limited nature of that definition and justifies those limitations by reference to the historical antecedents of the offence of piracy. Importantly, this chapter highlights the fact that piracy should not be used as a vehicle to counter deficiencies in other areas of international law, namely terrorism. In chapter three, novel international and regional responses to piracy are assessed. In terms of international responses, in 2008 the UN Security Council (UNSC) began to respond to the challenges naval vessels were experiencing in suppressing piracy due to the limited nature of enforcement powers under UNCLOS. In particular, the UNSC has extended the ability of naval vessels to pursue pirates into territorial waters. The other notable international response is the use of bilateral prosecution agreements under which detained pirates are handed to Kenya for the purposes of prosecution. Finally, chapter three evaluates the Code of Conduct Concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden established in January 2009 to coordinate regional responses to piracy. Having considered the origins of piracy, definitional issues and novel modern responses, chapter four proposes the establishment of an international piracy court. While UNCLOS defines piracy at international law, it is the responsibility of states to implement appropriate domestic laws which provide for the prosecution and sentencing of pirates. Empirically, states can be said to have failed in this respect. The inability and unwillingness of states to prosecute piracy, coupled with the highly questionable practice of handing states to Kenya for prosecution, justifies the creation of a specialised court. Details: New Zealand: University of Otago, 2009. 72p. Source: Bachelor of Laws Dissertation: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2012 at http://www.otago.ac.nz/law/oylr/2009/Honor_Lanham.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.otago.ac.nz/law/oylr/2009/Honor_Lanham.pdf Shelf Number: 124090 Keywords: Administration of JusticeCourtsInternational CrimeInternational LawMartitime SecurityPiracy (Somalia) |
Author: Walters, Julie Title: Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing across the globe: A comparative study of regulatory action Summary: Most developed countries across the globe have enacted legislation to proscribe acts of money laundering and financing of terrorism, and to enable the proceeds of crime to be recovered from offenders. Such legislation reflects the principles developed by the Financial Action Task Force’s (FATF-GAFI) 40 plus Nine Recommendations to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism (FATF-GAFI 2004) to varying degrees. FATF-GAFI was established in 1989 as an international body to examine techniques employed by criminals to launder the proceeds of crime and the approaches taken internationally to counteract such activities, as well as to identify policies to impede money laundering and the financing of terrorism. FATF-GAFI issued 40 Recommendations to combat money laundering in 1990 and expanded these to deal with the problem of financing of terrorism after the 11 September 2001 attacks by adding a further Nine Special Recommendations on terrorism financing. Details: Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 119p. Source: AIC Reports, Research and Public Policy Series 113: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2012 at Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 124104 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismInternational CrimeLegislationMoney LaunderingTransnational Crime |
Author: Katz, Barbara G. Title: The Crime of Tax Evasion in Transition Economies Summary: Frequent government changes, often bringing reversals in ideological orientations, forced agents in economies in transition to make economic decisions without knowing whether their next government would be more or less benevolent, democratic, corrupt, or able and willing to pursue economic growth. We present a model of agents facing the uncertainty of two future forms of government, who are able to insure against this uncertainty by opting out of the legal part of the economy. They opt out through a criminal act, specifically, hiding funds from taxation. In order to choose whether or not to steal, agents need to know what each government would do should it come to power. But each government, before it could make its decision, would need to know the choices of the agents who would, for example, produce tax revenues. This informational tension is resolved endogenously. We derive the resulting crime level in society and the optimal choices made by the potential governments. We examine how changes in governmental structure would affect the crime level, and how that, in turn, would affect capital flight. Details: New York: Stern School of Business, New York University, 2011. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2012 at http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2011/wp%201-18-11%20katz.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2011/wp%201-18-11%20katz.pdf Shelf Number: 124540 Keywords: International CrimeTax Evasion |
Author: Bhuller, Manudeep Title: Incarceration Spillovers in Criminal and Family Networks Summary: Using quasi-random assignment of criminal cases to judges, we estimate large incarceration spillovers in criminal and brother networks. When a defendant is sent to prison, there are 51 and 32 percentage point reductions in the probability his criminal network members and younger brothers will be charged with a crime, respectively, over the ensuing four years. Correlational evidence misleadingly finds small positive effects. These spillovers are of first order importance for policy, as the network reductions in future crimes committed are larger than the direct effect on the incarcerated defendant. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper 24878: Accessed August 6, 2018 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w24878.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w24878.pdf Shelf Number: 151021 Keywords: Crime FamiliesIntergenerational CrimeInternational Crime |